Tuesday 16th July
Wednesday 17th July
Thursday 18th July
Friday 19th July
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Basic Human Values 2 |
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| Convenor | Professor Eldad Davidov (University of Zurich) |
| Coordinator 1 | Dr Constanze Beierlein (Goethe University of Frankfurt) |
| Coordinator 2 | Professor Peter Schmidt (Higher School of Economics Moscow) |
Values have held an important position in the social sciences since their inception. Max Weber treated values as a central component in his analysis of capitalist society, linking the development of capitalism to the values of the Protestant Ethic. Values played an important role not only in sociology, but in social psychology, anthropology, political science and related disciplines as well. They have been used to explain the motivational bases of attitudes and behavior and to characterize differences between both individuals and societies.
Until recently, application of the values construct in the social sciences has suffered from the absence of an agreed-upon conception of basic values and reliable methods designed to measure these values (Hitlin and Piliavin 2004). In 1992, Schwartz introduced a theory of ten basic human values, building on common elements in earlier approaches. The designers of the European Social Survey (ESS) chose this theory as the basis for developing a human values scale to include in the core of the survey. Recently, this theory has been extended to include 19 values (Schwartz et al., in press).
In this session continuing work on basic human values as postulated by Schwartz will be presented. Presentations which discuss (1) The measurement of human values; (2) Values as predictors of attitudes, opinions or behaviour; (3) Value change; and related topics using the theory are welcome. Both substantive and methodological papers using cross-sectional, cross-cultural or longitudinal datasets are welcome.
The 3rd co-organizer of the session is Dr. Jan Cieciuch, University of Zurich, jancieciuch@gmail.com
The paper presents the results of the research of the impact of individual values and motivation on creative behavior in different domains and attitudes toward innovation among Russian youth (N=357). The questionnaire included PVQR (Schwartz, 2011), Creative Behavior Inventory (Dollinger, 2003), Creative Motivation Measurement Scale (Lebedeva, Osipova, 2012) and Attitudes to Innovation Scale (Lebedeva, Tatarko, 2009). The results of MDS and CFA have enabled us to define four domains of creative behavior: Visual art, Craft, Performance and Literature. Using structural equation modeling (Mplus) we have found that values of Openness to change predict such types of creative behavior as Visual art, Performance, Craft and positive Attitudes toward Innovation. Values of Conservation have positive effect on Craft and negative effects on Literature and Attitudes toward Innovation. Values of Openness to change are positively related to the intrinsic and autonomous motivations of creative behavior, whereas values of Conservation have negative effect on the intrinsic motivation of creative behavior. Intrinsic and autonomous motivations of creative behavior in their turn have predicted positive Attitudes toward Innovation. On the other hand, such types of creative behavior as Literature and Performance are driven by the extrinsic motivation of creative behavior. We discussed the special impacts of values of Openness to Change and Conservation as well as influence of different types of motivation of creative behavior on creativity in different domains and attitudes toward innovation among Russian youth.
This paper was supported by the Basic Research Program at the National Research University Higher School.
The research in change of people's values is an ongoing quest in social sciences. Knowledge based on Schwartz's Human Values Scale, however, is limited to recent longitudinal studies on intra-individual value change (e.g., Bardi et al., 2009).
The current paper shows possibilities and limits of analyzing European Social Survey (ESS) data using a time-lag design in order to separate age, period, and cohort effects. I compare 21 countries that participated at minimum four rounds. More precisely, this cohort study examines changes in a bi-dimensional representation of Schwartz's values. The technique allows to follow birth cohorts across time, comparing their endorsed values at different ages.
In earlier cross-sectional studies, increased age was associated with higher conservation and self-transcendence (Verkasalo et al., 2008; van Herk & Poortinga, 2011). I identified (only) two major European age pattern: An increase on both dimensions with age was most common. In some countries conservation increased in young age, stagnating in mid-life and then increasing again in old-age, while self-transcendence showed an increase until late midlife and then leveling. In half of the cases, the observed differences in value preferences seem indeed to be due to aging (i.e., the cross-sectional pattern equals intracohort trajectories). Whilst in the other half, generational level-differences produced the observed cross-sectional trends. The effect of different historical events (i.e., period) is too unsystematic to produce the consistently observed age-value pattern.
Although research has shown a general trend towards a liberalization of attitudes towards homosexuality in Western countries, the acceptance of homosexuality differs remarkably among individuals and between countries. Research on attitudes towards homosexuality mainly concentrated on variations within single countries mostly accounting for the individual level of education, religiosity and socio-economic characteristics as predictors. In this analysis, we study the effect of individual value orientations (Schwartz 1992, 1994) in explaining disapproval of homosexuality. Additionally, we control for the country-level characteristics to explain between country variation in the level of acceptance of homosexuality as well as for the moderation of individual level effects. To test our hypotheses, we use the fifth wave of the European Social Survey (ESS) and apply multilevel techniques to account for the hierarchical structure of the data.
Schwartz' Portrait Value Questionnaire (PVQ) had served well in researching basic values landscape and its correlates into broad social and political activities fields in different cultural environments. Now we will to test the quasi-circular model from European Social Survey (ESS) five rounds' (2002-2010) 21-item PVQ data (249235 respondents reduced to 231802 after adjusting to criteria of not more than 5 missing & 16 repeated values per respondent). Response style for each respondent is adjusted by using centred personal values which can be effectively calculated at any aggregate level. Using the Proxscal algorithm of multidimensional scaling (MDS) model of the whole massive has done in two-, three- and four-dimensional versions. Comparison of the empirical results with the ideal model will be done through paired Procrustean method using R. Results will be depicted using graphically powerful software (Mathematica 9 etc). The data will be tested also without centring criteria and along different rounds looking for their stability through the decade of 2000s. In addition social networking technical possibilities would be used to detect value-items clustering in higher dimensions. Thus we will try to find out if Schwartz' canonical ten-type model is justified from the higher dimensional point of view (as well as which projection of higher-dimensional models represents ordinarily used MDS on the plane).